TGFB1 and atrial fibrillation: Moreover, experiments on rapideye movement sleep-deprived rats have shown that sleep deprivation leads tomanic-like behaviors and poor heart function along with upregulation ofproarrhythmic signaling molecules, including TGF-β, phosphorylated Smad2/3, alpha-smooth muscle actin, and store-operated calcium entry channels [101].These findings suggest that disturbed sleep contributes to the pathogenesis ofboth MD and AF.