INS and Insulin resistance: Studies have suggested 12-OH/non-12-OH BAs ratio as a potential biomarker for hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, since a higher ratio is associated with islet signaling, higher blood glucose, and lower insulin sensitivity (Haeusler et al., 2012; Haeusler et al., 2013; Qi et al., 2015; Zhong et al., 2022).