BCL2 and cholangiocarcinoma: Similar to other TCM-derived compounds, matrine exhibits pronounced effects in inducing cell apoptosis in HCC, cholangiocarcinoma, gallbladder cancer, and PCC cells through various mechanisms, including the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase-B-cell lymphoma 2/BCL2 like 1-BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator/BCL2 antagonist/killer 1 (JNK-Bcl-2/Bcl-xL-Bax/Bak) pathway, suppression of JAK2/STAT3 signaling, inhibition of NF-κB, release of mitochondrial cytochrome c, and activation of caspase-3 [226–229].