TNF and endothelial dysfunction: Various circulating biomarkers have been used previously to monitor endothelial dysfunction in human studies including inflammatory biomarkers such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), CC-chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), interleukin 17 (IL-17), and others [13–17].