The expression of ACOD1 in alveolar macrophages (AMs) and itaconate levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were both reduced in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), indicating a significant alteration in the ACOD1/itaconate axis in fibrotic lung tissue [111]. This evidence concerns the gene ACOD1 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.