Elevated inflammatory factors in T2D such as IL-6 and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) cand bind to their receptors, activate JAK2/STAT3, subsequently upregulates the expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3), which inhibit IRS-1 cascade.50,51 JAK/STAT3 is also found to promote NF-κB cascade50 (Fig. 2c). This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.