Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) transcription factors are critical regulators of immunity, stress responses, apoptosis and differentiation.35 In T2D, the NF-κB pathway can be activated directly by excess metabolites and multiple inflammatory factors.36 Those stimuli phosphorylate IκB kinase (IKK) complex,37 and induce degradation of IκB, thus releasing NF-κB to translocate to nucleus. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.