MAVS and susceptibility to pneumonia measurement: As shown in Figure 7, while single-ligand ODN treatment significantly improved pseudomonal pneumonia survival of Tlr9–/–, Rigi–/–, and Mavs–/– mice, the same ODN treatment did not induce significant protection against pseudomonal pneumonia in Tlr9–/–;Mavs–/– or MyD88–/–;Mavs–/– double-knockout mice.