We first tested the hypothesis that IP patients had a higher proportion of auto-Abs against type I IFNs due to higher levels of circulating IFN-α, as previously reported in systemic lupus erythematosus (Gupta et al., 2016; Howe and Leung, 2019; Panem et al., 1982; Rodero et al., 2017; Mathian et al., 2022). This evidence concerns the gene IFNA1 and systemic lupus erythematosus.