Overall, two-third of IP patients with auto-Abs had COVID-19 pneumonia before vaccination, a proportion similar to that reported in other cohorts of patients with auto-Abs against type I IFNs, such as patients with APS-1 (Bastard et al., 2021e; Schidlowski et al., 2022; Lemarquis et al., 2021; Meisel et al., 2021; Carpino et al., 2021; Beccuti et al., 2020; Ferré et al., 2021; Valenzise et al., 2023), or inborn errors of the alternative NF-κB pathway (Le Voyer et al., 2023). This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and incontinentia pigmenti.