C5 and neoplasm: Antibody array analysis of tumor tissues revealed upregulation of immune modulators such as complement function (C5/C5a), interleukin (IL)-23, and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 (CXCL12) post-RFA, with a corresponding increase in chemotactic chemokines in the serum, further implicating the immune system’s local and systemic role in this process.