TNF and left ventricular hypertrophy: In addition, the heart weight-to-body weight (HW/BW) ratio (Figure 9C) and the mRNA expression level of left ventricular hypertrophy biomarkers (Anp, Bnp, and β-MHC, Figures 9D–F) and inflammatory markers (Tnf-α, Il-6, and Il-1, Figure 9G) in heart tissues were significantly higher in the HFpEF group than the control group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01).