TNF and neoplasm: This directly induces the production of proinflammatory cytokines (Tumor necrosis factor–α: TNF-α, Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), chemokines (chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1), CXCL10), and growth factors (transforming growth factor-β: TGFβ), that promote tumor activity and affect patient survival (7–9).