The inflammation response in HF and CKD is characterized by the upregulation of pro-inflammatory mediators like tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the tissue and bloodstream, which are produced in response to neurohormonal and sympathetic triggers (39). Here, IL1B is linked to hydrops fetalis.