GSEA, utilizing C2 gene sets, was illustrated via a ridge plot (Figure 2C), highlighting pathways like INTERLEUKIN 1 SIGNALING, SIGNALING BY WNT, PI3KAKT SIG-NAL-ING PATHWAY, these pathways are known to be involved in inflammation, cell proliferation, and survival, which can be crucial in the context of IDD progression. The gene discussed is NPL; the disease is intervertebral disk degenerative disorder.