FNDC5-BMSC-Exos can increase the expression of anti-inflammatory factors, inhibit the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway, and upregulate the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) axis to regulate M2 macrophage polarization to exert anti-inflammatory effects and protect myocardial infarction (83). Here, HMOX1 is linked to myocardial infarction.