SPP1 and neoplasm: The tumour border was significantly enriched in APSN+ fibroblasts and SPP1+ macrophages compared to other regions. Analysis of intercellular signalling communication established SPP1+ macrophages as the main senders of the SPP1 signalling pathway, APSN+ fibroblasts as the main secretors of collagen, and malignant cells as the main senders of the MIF signalling pathway.