APP and cancer: PIN1 and p53 have been proposed as potential key molecular players in the inverse cancer-AD association; specifically, PIN1 reported to contribute to cancer initiation and progression has been shown to catalyze the cis-to-trans isomerization of both amyloid precursor protein (APP) and tau, and thus reduce the accumulation of amyloid and hyper-phosphorylated tau involved in neurodegeneration (49).