TNF and Hepatic fibrosis: Several other chemokine (Figure 2A) and cytokine (Figure 2B) transcripts were also significantly upregulated during ESNP, including CXCL10, TNF, IL1B, and OSM, the latter encoding oncostatin-M, a cytokine previously shown to drive liver fibrosis by activating macrophages to secrete transforming growth factor-β in murine models.16