In comparison to OE-DNM1L and OE-FIS1, the impact of OE-MFF on mitophagy levels and SOD1 expression in glioma cells exhibited notable differences, further underscoring the distinct roles played by different molecules in modulating mitophagy and cellular oxidative states within glioma cells (Fig. 10i-l; Supplementary Fig. 14i-l). Here, SOD1 is linked to glioma.