The DR-associated cost was significantly higher with insulin-based regimens, longer duration of DM, higher HbA1c levels, and worse stage of DR at presentation was associated with higher DR-related costs ( for high risk of PDR US$ 4,218.579 and low risk of PDR US$ 2,840.022 versus for NPDR US$ 2,031.2 and for no DR US$ 701.616), for the presence of DMR at the presentation was associated with higher DR-related cost (for both eyes DME US$ 3,846.903 versus one eye DME US$ 3,299.259). The gene discussed is INS; the disease is diabetes mellitus.