Systemic inflammation in end-stage renal disease is widely recognized as a substantial risk factor leading to increased mortality in affected individuals19 NF-κB is considered to promote inflammation during renal disease, with evidence correlating NF-κB activation in the kidneys of patients with glomerulonephritis, diabetic nephropathy, and AKI62,64 and animal models of renal inflammation and injury65. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and chronic kidney disease.