Kupffer cell-derived HMGB1 has been linked to liver injury, including liver transplantation42,43, and damage in remote tissue caused by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion44 and sepsis45, our current study suggested that the contribution of these cells to HMGB1 levels in cerebral ischemia might be relatively low compared to hepatocytes. This evidence concerns the gene HMGB1 and Cerebral ischemia.