MYD88 and clostridium difficile infection: For instance, MyD88 signaling, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), leptin, IL-1β, IL-22, IL-25, IL-27, and IL-33, could provide protection against CDI.9–16 On the other hand, IL-17 and IL-23 could worsen C. difficile-associated severity and mortality.17,18 Together, these studies support the complexity of immune response during CDI and also suggest the potential of immunotherapeutic intervention to combat CDI.