SH2D3A and infection: By directly injecting RV into the mouse gallbladder and using in vitro infection in murine cholangiocyte cultures, we found that, when comparing RRV and the non-biliary pathogenic bovine RV strain UK, both the RRV VP4 and NSP1 proteins were necessary for producing the high replication phenotype of RRV in the biliary tract and cholangiocytes [20].