TLR9 and neoplasm: For example, gold nanoparticles can be conjugated with CpG oligonucleotides (Toll-Like receptors 9 (TLR9) agonists) and tumor antigens, iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) can bind to tumor antigens and adjuvants such as MPL (monophosphoryl lipid A), silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) can be combined with tumor antigens and adjuvants such as Poly(I) (TLR3 agonists), and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can associate with tumor antigens and adjuvants like R837 (TLR7 agonists).