PDCD1 and glioblastoma: A clinical trial by the Ivy Foundation at Barrow investigated the role of neoadjuvant anti-PD-1 in patients with surgically resectable recurrent glioblastoma and demonstrated that patients receiving pembrolizumab pre- and post-surgery had longer survival compared to those receiving adjuvant therapy alone (13.7 months vs. 7.5 months respectively) (237).