Apart from transferring oncogenic cargo to neighboring tumor cells (i.e. EGFRvIII protein and mRNA) (39) that lead to conventional therapeutic resistance, GBM-derived EVs have been demonstrated to block T cell proliferation and activation (40), express certain ICs (i.e. PD-L1) (41), polarize TAMs into an immunosuppressive phenotype (42), and induce MDSCs (43). Here, CD274 is linked to glioblastoma.