MACC1 and central nervous system cancer: Another study found that MACC1-AS1 overexpression promoted hexokinase 2 (HK2) and lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) activities, decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+/NAPDH) ratio, the upregulation of MACC1-AS1 was observed to enhance the expression of MACC1 in glioma cells through the activation of the AMPK pathway, hence exerting influence on glucose metabolism and redox balance, exerting a tumor-promoting effect (25).