LTA and alcohol dependence: Here, we found that the FDA-approved drug disulfiram (DSF), used for decades to treat alcohol abuse, protects cells from intoxication with diphtheria toxin (DT) from Corynebacterium diphtheria, the causative agent of diphtheria, lethal toxin (LT) from Bacillus anthracis, which contributes to anthrax, and C2 enterotoxin from Clostridium botulinum when applied in concentrations lower than those found in plasma of patients receiving standard DSF treatment for alcoholism (up to 20 μM).