During the process of myocardial fibrosis, TGFβ binds to TGFβ receptor 2 (TGFβR2), which recruits TGFβ receptor 1 (TGFβR1) and causes its phosphorylation, thereby activating downstream canonical Smad pathways and non-canonical pathways such as TAK1, p38 MAPK, and JNK, which are collectively involved in the process of myocardial fibrosis4. Here, TGFB1 is linked to Myocardial fibrosis.