GFAP and Alzheimer disease: To investigate the effects of chronic noise exposure on AD-like neuropathology and neuronal structure in rat hippocampus, the expression levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1), Aβ, and Tau S396 were determined in rat hippocampal tissues, and neuronal changes in hippocampal tissues were assessed using HE staining.