PPA1 and infection: Several of the known GS-conjugates were identified as the result of biotic and abiotic stress, e.g. GS-OPDA and GS-PPA1 in arabidopsis resulting from wound response and P. syringae infiltration [113], GS-hexenol in grapevine resulting from both UV stress and pathogen infection [23] and the detoxification of microbial virulence factors in wheatgrass [58] and rice [7].