Accumulating evidence indicates that HNRNPA1 generally acts as an oncogene, with its upregulation associated with higher pathological stages and poorer prognosis in multiple cancer types.56 We assessed HNRNPA1 mRNA levels across several independent clinical datasets, revealing that HNRNPA1 expression was significantly upregulated during prostate cancer progression to advanced and metastatic stages in four cohorts42,44,57,58 (Fig. 4f and Supplementary Fig. 4f). This evidence concerns the gene HNRNPA1 and prostate cancer.