VNS is also associated with an improvement in a range of heart failure biomarkers including plasma levels of BNP, noradrenaline, angiontensin‐II and c‐reactive protein (Zhang et al., 2009c) and in animal models can confer a marked survival benefit in chronic ischaemic heart disease (Hadaya et al., 2023; Li et al., 2004). This evidence concerns the gene NPPB and heart failure.