Low‐level VNS therapy suppresses AF and stellate ganglion hyperactivity in ambulatory canines (Chinda et al., 2015; Shen et al., 2011) and more recent clinical studies have shown chronic intermittent low‐level tragus stimulation to lower AF burden and TNFα levels compared to sham control stimulation, in patients with paroxysmal AF (Stavrakis et al., 2020b). Here, TNF is linked to atrial fibrillation.