Nonetheless, in the T2D sub-group of the FluplusCoV cohort, while the production of IFN-γ and CXCL10 followed a similar trend to that of the HS (Figure 4C–E), the level of the inflammatory factors IL-15, IL-6 and TNF-α was already high at day 0 before vaccine co-administration and only slightly increased 1 day after, consistent with a chronic inflammation occurring in people with T2D (Figure 4A–C). Here, TNF is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.