The study by Pan and colleagues showed a significant increase in the activation markers of CD69 in B cells, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells after inoculation with an anti-tumor vaccine co-loaded with sLNPs, OVA-coding mRNA, and TLR4 ligand MPLA in a prophylactic mouse model, demonstrating the effectiveness of adaptive immune enhancement with TLR4 agonism (Figure 2B) [80]. Here, TLR4 is linked to neoplasm.