TNF and colitis: Hao Haining et al. [92] found that Lactobacillus plantarum Q7-derived extracellular vesicles down-regulated the expression of TLR4 and MyD88 genes in DSS-induced colitis mice, leading to the phosphorylation of NF-κB, ameliorating colitis by regulating inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α.