As neuroinflammation mediated by the PI3K/akt pathway in neuronal immune cells such as microglia is an underlying pathological mechanism of disease development [86], our findings of DSV-induced inflammatory PI3K/Akt pathway in immune cells raises an important question whether the same mechanism is responsible for neuroinflammation that underlies PD in response to DSV. This evidence concerns the gene AKT1 and Parkinson disease.