A similar outcome was demonstrated in studies involving DCA treatment, where the stimulation of NF-κB signaling triggered the release of TNF-α and IL-6, followed by activation of Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of the transcription-3 (JAK-STAT3) pathway, consequently elevating the incidence of HCC [72]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and hepatocellular carcinoma.