Finally, the authors suggested that chia seed alcoholic or ether extracts fought NNK-induced lung cancer in rats through (i) reduction in c-MYC and MMP9 gene expression, (ii) reduction in angiogenesis, (iii) increase in apoptosis concurrent with decreased proliferation, (iv) suppression of inflammation, and (v) activation of the antioxidant system, either non-enzymatic or enzymatic. Here, MMP9 is linked to lung cancer.