In contrast, another study reported the increased expression of TGFβ1 and TGFβ2, a higher number of pSmad2-positive cells, and increased collagen expression in CRSsNP patients compared to controls, with the downregulation of TGFβ1, pSmad2, and collagen in CRSwNP patients [47]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps.