On the other hand, Santiago’s group performed a case-control study genotyping, by TaqMan chemistry, the functional C1858T (rs2476601) polymorphism in the protein tyrosine phosphatase N22 (PTPN22) gene encodes a lymphoid-specific phosphatase, a downregulation of T-cell activation, observed significant differences between the analyzed cohorts with an increased risk of developing achalasia in Spanish women. This evidence concerns the gene PTPN22 and Achalasia.