CSF2 and Leigh syndrome: Further studies by our group have demonstrated that several cytokines are elevated serologically in pediatric LS patients compared to healthy controls, namely IP-10, Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein (MCP)1, IL-17a, IL-12p70, Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF), Platelet Derived Growth Factor (PDGF)-BB, Interferon (IFN)-a2, and IFN-γ [19].