In the case of BPH vs PCa discrimination when tRF variables but also PSA values were included in the multivariate analysis, it resulted in a model comprising PSA + 5′-M-tRNA-Gln-TTG-3-3_L30 + 5′-tRNA-Glu-TTC-9-1_L30 with better specificity (Sp: 25%; Sn: 96.6%), high prediction accuracy (AUC: 0.759; p-value= 0.027) and much more useful than PSA or individual tRF for diagnosis (Table 2B). Here, KLK3 is linked to benign prostatic hyperplasia.