INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: The other two studies assessed NOD mice with tolerance tests and insulin, antibody, cytokine/chemokine measurement, GMB, bioinformatics and metabolomics analysis and verified that sex plays an important role in BPA altering T1DM risk, as BPA accelerated T1DM development in adult NOD females, but delayed male mice from T1DM development, and, also, that BPS exposure had dose-related protective effects on T1DM in females, suggesting that BPS uses different mechanisms from BPA to alter glucose homeostasis and T1DM.