Importantly, a cluster of proteins involved in the development of the substantia nigra, including myelin basic protein (MBP), beta-arrestin-2 (ARRB2) and tubulin beta-4A chain (TUBB2A), were isolated in those participants who experienced DKA at diagnosis, possibly linking T1D with neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease in adulthood. This evidence concerns the gene TUBB4A and neurodegenerative disease.