Additionally, while genetic ablation of prostaglandin E synthases or cyclooxygenases (COXs) in melanoma cells of BRAF V600E mice suggests COX-2 levels in human melanoma could serve as predictive biomarkers for therapies such as checkpoint blockade inhibitors, this finding is primarily based on preclinical data, and its clinical applicability needs further exploration [52]. This evidence concerns the gene PTGES and melanoma.