Regarding pulmonary EIMs, these therapies have been reported to be effective at alleviating obstructive abnormalities in pulmonary function tests observed in patients with active IBD, however it remains unclear if the improvement in pulmonary function tests (PFTs) is directly due to the anti-inflammatory effects of anti-TNF at the pulmonary level or if it is a result of improved gastrointestinal inflammation due to the therapy [70]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and inflammatory bowel disease.