TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: In chronic inflammatory conditions such as obesity and diabetes, chemerin is triggered by pro-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), stimulating the PI3K/Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways.