TNF and type 1 diabetes mellitus: In support of the notion that the two main types of DM share several common pathophysiological features, Aravindhan et al. [34] showed that chronic endotoxemia (defined as high LPS levels) is seen in subjects with T1D many years before the onset of microvascular complications and is accompanied by increased levels of IL-6, IL-1, and TNF-a compared to normoglycemic controls.