The study demonstrated that these anti-MUC1-CAR4 T cells led to increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IFN-γ) and granzyme B when exposed to MUC1-expressing CCA cells, leading to specific killing of CCA cells both in 2D and 3D spheroid cultures. This evidence concerns the gene MUC1 and cholangiocarcinoma.