Wnt3a promotes the formation of a myofibroblast-like phenotype in cultured fibroblasts, in part, by upregulating TGF-β signaling, whereas studies in mice show that stromal Wnt3a activates canonical Wnt signaling in the epithelium, facilitating progression of PIN lesions to adenocarcinoma [98,99]. Here, WNT3A is linked to adenocarcinoma.